ABSTRACT Background: Chagas disease (CD) is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomines. Historical information from the 20th century demonstrates T. cruzi records in the metropolitan region of Salvador (MRS), the third largest urban agglomeration in the Brazilian Northeast and the eighth largest in Brazil, an area with intense migratory activity from CD-endemic regions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate CD indicators (prevalence and mortality) in the MRS. Methods: A mixed ecological and descriptive study was conducted using secondary data. We analyzed data from 2008 to 2015: deaths due to CD, self-reported cases of CD, and blood donors that were non-negative for T. cruzi infection. Results: São Francisco do Conde was one of the municipalities with the highest mortality rates due to CD. The seroprevalence rates varied by year and municipality; those with the highest values were 2008: Vera Cruz, 2009: Mata de São João, 2010: Dias D'Ávila, 2011 and 2015: São Francisco do Conde, 2012: São Sebastião do Passé, and 2013 and 2014: Pojuca. Spatial correlations between the municipalities were not detected. Conclusions: We conclude that CD is present in the MRS. The indicators analyzed in the MRS are below-state-level data. Given the importance of indicator analysis for the surveillance and control of CD at the state and national levels, it is important to strengthen the surveillance program at the municipal level, including the regions classified as low risk for T. cruzi vector transmission.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the methodological design of the Project entitled “Effects of the Sport Education Model (SEM) in Physical Education classes on physical, emotional, cognitive and socio-affective outcomes of students in different high school contexts”. An experimental study will be carried out with pre- and post-test measures in an experimental group (SEM) and in a comparator group (Traditional Teaching Model) randomized by clusters. The study hypothesizes that SEM will present positive and superior effects to the traditional model in all analyzed variables. The detailed description of the rationale and the methodological procedures of the Project will allow a better understanding of the results that will be presented after the end of the study.

RESUMEN El trabajo pretende describir el diseño metodológico del estudio titulado “Efectos del Modelo de Educación Deportiva (MED) en las clases de Educación Física sobre los dominios físicos, emocionales, cognitivos y socio-afectivos de los escolares en tres contextos diferentes de la escuela secundaria”. Será un estudio experimental con medidas pre y post test, con grupo experimental (MED) y comparador (Enseñanza Tradicional) aleatorizados por conglomerados. Nuestra hipótesis es que la MED tendrá efectos positivos y superiores al modelo tradicional en todas las variables analizadas. La descripción detallada de las bases teóricas y procedimientos metodológicos de la investigación permitirá una mejor comprensión de los resultados que se presentarán después de la finalización del estudio.

RESUMO O estudo tem por objetivo descrever o desenho metodológico da pesquisa intitulada “Efeitos do Sport Education Model (SEM) nas aulas de Educação Física sobre os desfechos físicos, emocionais, cognitivos e socioafetivos de escolares em três contextos distintos do ensino médio”. Será realizado um estudo experimental com medidas pré e pós-teste em um grupo experimental (SEM) e em um grupo comparador (Modelo de Ensino Tradicional) randomizado por clusters. Temos como hipótese que o SEM apresentará efeitos positivos e superiores ao modelo tradicional em todas as variáveis analisadas. A descrição detalhada da base teórica e dos procedimentos metodológicos da pesquisa permitirá uma melhor compreensão dos resultados que serão apresentados após o término do estudo.

Os expoentes de Lyapunov são quantificadores largamente utilizados para caracterização de regimes em sistemas dinâmicos. Dentro desta perspectiva, a melhoria e otimização metodológica para estimar o caracterizador dinâmico do maior Expoente de Lyapunov se faz necessária. Ao longo das décadas, diversos pesquisadores da área de sistemas dinâmicos e física estatística se dedicaram a tal tarefa. Este esforço culminou no desenvolvimento do algoritmo de Wolf, que se apresentou como um método bastante robusto e preciso, mas custoso e de difícil compreensão metodológica. Com o intuito de contornar estas problemáticas, Sato, e posteriormente Rosenstein, baseando-se na conservação do espaço de fase por meio de transformadas canônicas, utilizaram o método das coordenadas atrasadas para estimar, no espaço de fase reconstruído, mediante uma série temporal, o maior Expoente de Lyapunov. Desta maneira, o presente artigo pretende apresentar e descrever as características do método das coordenadas atrasadas para a estimativa do maior Expoente de Lyapunov e avaliar a precisão do método para esta tarefa. perspectiva necessária décadas tarefa Wolf preciso problemáticas Sato Rosenstein baseandose baseando canônicas reconstruído temporal maneira

Lyapunov exponents are widely used quantifiers for characterising regimes in dynamical systems. Within this perspective, the improvement and methodological optimisation to estimate the dynamic characteriser of the largest Lyapunov exponent is necessary. Over the decades, several researchers in the field of dynamical systems and statistical physics have dedicated themselves to this task. This effort culminated in the development of Wolf’s algorithm, which was presented as a very robust and accurate method, but costly and difficult to understand methodologically. In order to overcome these problems, Sato, and later Rosenstein, based on the conservation of phase space through canonical transforms of phase space, used the method of delayed coordinates to estimate in the reconstructed phase space through a time serie of the system to estimate in a practical way the largest Lyapunov exponent.Thus, this article aims to describe the characteristics of the method of delayed coordinates for the estimation of the largest Lyapunov exponent, and to evaluate its quality for this task. perspective necessary decades task Wolfs Wolf s algorithm methodologically problems Sato Rosenstein exponentThus Thus exponent.Thus

Abstract The aim of the present study is to examine the association between sociodemographic indicators and previous experiences in sports practices when complying with physical activity (PA) recommendations in students of a federal technical school in the city of Bagé-RS. The sample consisted of 93 students aged 14 to 17 years old, most of them males (n = 59; 58.4%). The PA level was measured using a questionnaire and students were classified as sufficiently active (SA) or insufficiently active (IA), according to international recommendations. The results were described using relative and absolute frequencies. Bivariate and multivariate associations were performed in crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR), and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. It was found that only two out of 10 students are SA. Regardless of the other factors analyzed, girls (OR: 6.58; 95% CI: 1.57-27.60) were more likely to be classified as IA. Policies should be developed to offer opportunities for PA practice in adolescents, with an emphasis on girls. The availability of structured sport practices in the school environment may be a promising alternative.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a associação entre indicadores sociodemográficos e experiências anteriores em práticas esportivas com o atendimento às recomendações de atividade física (AF) em alunos de uma escola técnica federal na cidade de Bagé-RS. A amostra foi composta por 93 alunos entre 14 e 17 anos de idade, sendo maioria do sexo masculino (n = 59; 58,4%). O nível de AF foi mensurado por questionário e os alunos foram classificados como suficientemente ativos (SA) ou insuficientemente ativos (IA) conforme recomendações internacionais. A descrição dos resultados foi realizada através de frequências relativas e absolutas. Associações bivariadas e multivariável foram realizadas e razão de odds (OR) brutas e ajustadas e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados. Os resultados indicaram que apenas dois em cada 10 alunos são SA. Independente dos demais fatores analisados, as meninas (OR: 6,58; IC95%: 1,57- 27,60) apresentaram mais chance de serem classificadas como IA. Políticas que oportunizem a prática de AF para adolescentes, com ênfase nas meninas devem ser elaboradas. A oferta de práticas esportivas estruturadas no espaço escolar pode ser uma alternativa promissora.

ABSTRACT. Rock dusts in association with organic sources have been used in agriculture to improve soil chemical characteristics and food composition. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the rock dusts siltstone, tephrite, and olivine melilitite pure or combined and associated or not with cattle manure on the chemical composition of soybean seeds of the cultivar BRS 232 grown on a Cambisol and Nitisol subjected to these treatments and conventional fertilization. For this, an experiment was carried out with pots in a greenhouse using a Cambisol and Nitisol to cultivate the soybean from January to May 2019 until seed production. The seeds were harvested, ground, and sieved through a 1 mm mesh sieve to determine the nutrient, phytate, and crude protein contents. The effects of the rock dusts on the chemical composition of seeds were directly related to the chemical characteristics of the evaluated soils. The tested rock dusts had a more pronounced response in the Cambisol (poorer soil) than in the Nitisol (more fertile). The contents and accumulation of nutrients in the seeds, as well as the total dry matter production in both soils subjected to the treatments with the rock dusts olivine melilitite and siltstone + olivine melilitite, pure and combined with manure, were similar and, in some cases, higher than the treatments subjected to conventional fertilization. The combination of manure and rock dusts provided an increase in the concentration of nutrients in both soils, resulting in their higher availability for plants and directly reflecting on the chemical composition of seeds.

ABSTRACT Background: Neglected tropical diseases are a growing threat to global health, and endemic Chagas disease has emerged as one of the most important health problems in America. The main strategy to prevent Trypanosoma cruzi transmission is chemical control of vectors. This study presents a descriptive analysis of synanthropic triatomines before and after the implementation of a vector-control program in Bahia, Brazil. Methods: Descriptive analysis and geospatial statistics were performed on triatomine data, (1) the relative abundance and (2) proportional spatial distribution, from Bahia during two periods: (A) 1957 to 1971 and (B) 2006 to 2019. Results: We observed a decrease in the relative abundance of Panstrongylus megistus (A: n=22.032, 61.9%; B: n=1.842, 1.0%) and Triatoma infestans (A: n=1.310, 3.7%; B: n=763, 0.43%), as well as an increase in the relative abundance of T. sordida (A: n=8.314, 23.4%, B: n=146.901, 81.6%) and T. pseudomaculata (A: n=894, 2.5%, B: n=16.717, 9.3%). Conclusions: Our results indicate a clear reduction in the occurrence of P. megistus and T. infestans (last record in 2015) and an increase in the relative abundance and geographical distribution of T. sordida and T. pseudomaculata after 40 years of the vector-control program. The high frequency of other triatomine species in the municipalities of the state of Bahia and their abundance in recent years highlight the need to reinforce permanent entomological surveillance actions to prevent Chagas disease.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de pó da rocha olivina melilitito, em duas granulometrias e em doses crescentes, para melhorar as características químicas do solo e o crescimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes em plantas de soja (Glycine max) e sorgo (Sorghum bicolor). Os tratamentos consistiram de três doses de olivina melilitito, equivalentes a 2,5, 5,0 e 10 Mg ha-1, nas granulometrias de pó e filler do produto comercial. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e mineralógicas, tendo-se utilizado, como base, instrução normativa para pó de rocha como remineralizador de solos. As plantas de soja e sorgo foram cultivadas por 60 e 45 dias, respectivamente, em casa de vegetação, em Cambissolo Háplico Alumínico e Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico sômbrico. O pó da rocha olivina melilitito aplicado nas doses crescentes e nas duas granulometrias testadas melhorou as características químicas dos dois solos estudados e promoveu o desenvolvimento das plantas. No entanto, a granulometria filler é mais eficiente que a do pó para melhorar as características químicas dos solos e o desenvolvimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes nas plantas.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of olivine melilitite rock powder, in two particle sizes and in increasing rates, to improve the chemical properties of the soil and the growth and nutrient accumulation of soybean (Glycine max) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) plants. The treatments consisted of three rates of the rock powder, equivalent to 2.5, 5.0, and 10 Mg ha-1, in the powder and filler particle sizes of the commercial product. Physicochemical and mineralogical analyses were carried out using, as a basis, the Brazilian normative ruling on rock powder as a soil remineralizer. The soybean and sorghum plants were cultivated for 60 and 45 days, respectively, in a greenhouse on a Humic Dystrudept and a Typic Hapludult. The olivine melilitite rock powder applied in the tested increasing rates and two particle sizes improved soil chemical properties and promoted plant growth. However, the filler particle size is more efficient than that of the powder to improve soil chemical properties and plant growth and nutrient accumulation.

Resumo O Autoconceito físico (AcF) é um dos fatores que sugestiona a aceitação pessoal, mostrando-se relevante nas alterações de autopercepção e autoestima, fatores associados ao surgimento de sintomas depressivos (SD). Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar as possíveis associações entre o AcF e os SD de crianças com excesso de peso e em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Participaram do estudo 73 crianças (10,26 ±1,31 anos) que apresentavam sobrepeso, obesidade ou obesidade severa. Os SD foram avaliados através do Children’s Depression Inventory e o AcF através do Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico. A descrição das variáveis foi realizada através das frequências absolutas e relativas, média e desvio-padrão. Para a comparação das variáveis de caracterização entre os sexos foi utilizado o teste t para amostras independentes e o teste qui-quadrado. Nas análises das associações entre os domínios do AcF e os SD foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Os resultados indicaram que 7,4% das crianças possuem risco aumentado de depressão. Os meninos apresentaram valores superiores (p<0,05) ao das meninas no escore total e em quatro dos seis domínios que compõem o AcF. Associações inversas entre os diferentes domínios do AcF e os SD foram encontradas (p<0,05). Porém, ao serem realizadas por sexo, as associações se mantêm estatisticamente significativas apenas entre os meninos. Em conclusão, meninos com excesso de peso e menor AcF tendem a apresentar níveis mais elevados de SD.

Abstract Physical self-concept (PSC) is a key factor related with personal acceptance, being relevant in changes in the self-perception and self-esteem, features associated with the onset of depressive symptoms (DS). The aim of this study was to examine possible associations between PSC and DS in overweight children in situation of social vulnerability. The DS were verified through the Children’s Depression Inventory and the PSC was measured by Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico. The sample was comprised by 73 (10.26±1.31 years old) overweight, obesity or severe obesity children. The variables were described using absolute and relative frequencies, mean and standard deviation. To compare them between sexes were used independent t test and chi-square test. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the associations between the PSC and DS. The level of significance adopted was 5%. The results indicated that 7.4% of children are at increased risk of depression. Boys showed higher values (p<0.05) than girls in the total score and in four of the six domains of the PSC. Inverse associations between the different domains of the PSC and DS were found (p<0.05). However, when performed by sex, the associations remain statistically significant only among boys. In conclusion, boys who are overweight and have lower PSC tend to have higher levels of DS

RESUMO: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o teor de fibra fisicamente efetiva (FDNfe) de dietas totais e seus efeitos nos nutrientes da dieta, das sobras e nos parâmetros fecais de bovinos de corte em 15 confinamentos comerciais. As amostras da dieta foram separadas utilizando a peneira Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPS). As amostras foram analisadas quanto aos teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e amido. Nas amostras de fezes também foram avaliadas o escore e pH fecal. Os confinamentos foram categorizados em dois tratamentos: FDNfe<20% e FDNfe≥20%. Os dados foram analisados por um modelo que incluiu os efeitos de grupo e covariável (sexo e grupo genético). Os teores de MS, PB, EE e amido foram menores nas dietas com FDNfe≥20%(P<0,05). A MS fecal foi maior e pH fecal matinal foi menor nas dietas com FDNfe<20% (P<0,05). Sendo assim a efetividade da fibra alterou os nutrientes da dieta total e sobras, bem como as variáveis pH e MS fecal. Com isso, o uso de PSPS e parâmetros fecais são ferramentas práticas e indiretas para medir o amido fecal e a efetividade da dieta em confinamentos de bovinos comerciais.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of the physically effective fiber (peNDF) content on nutrient composition of the total mixed ration (TMR), orts and fecal parameters in 15 commercial beef feedlots. The particle size distribution of TMR was measured adopting Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPS). Samples were evaluated for dry matter (DM), ash, ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content. Fecal samples were also evaluated for pH and score. The feedlots were categorized into peNDF<20% and peNDF ≥ 20%. Data were analyzed by a model that included fixed effects of treatment and covariates (sex and genetic groups). Levels of DM, CP, EE and starch were lower in TMR with peNDF ≥ 20% (P<0.05). Fecal dry matter was higher and morning fecal pH was lower for TMR with peNDF<20% (P<0.05). Physically effective fiber changed nutrient levels in TMR, orts, fecal pH and DM. So, using PSPS and fecal parameters are practical and indirect tools for measuring fecal starch and assessing the effectiveness of the diet supplied to ruminants.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência dos fatores ambientais sobre o desempenho das progénies de diferentes touros da raça Nelore no semiárido brasileiro. Informações de 741 animais foram coletadas de uma fazenda comercial localizada no municipio de Varzelândia-MG. Os animais eram filhos de 27 touros da raça Nelore e eram categorizados como LA (livro aberto) ou PO (puros de origem). Foram avaliados os dados de peso, ganho de peso médio diário e perímetro escrotal. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 12 (ano) e 18 (sobreano) meses de idade. Os dados foram analisados pelo método dos quadrados mínimos, utilizando um modelo que considerou efeito de categoria (LA ou PO), touro, anos, mês de nascimento e sexo dos bezerros. Houve influência significativa da categoria, sexo, mês de nascimento e touro sobre o desempenho dos animais até o ano, enquanto as características de desempenho ao sobreano foram influenciadas somente pelo mês de nascimento e touro (P<0,05). Sendo assim, os fatores do meio como ano e mês de nascimento e sexo do bezerro são importantes fontes de variação sobre o desempenho dos bezerros do nascimento até o sobreano, devendo, portanto, ser consideradas na comparação e seleção de animais com base nestas características.

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the performance of progeny from different Nellore sires in Brazilian semiarid region. Data on live weight, average daily gain and scrotal circumference of 741 animals categorized as OR (open registry) or PB (purebred) and born from 27 sires were collected from a commercial farm located in Varzelândia-MG. Evaluations were taken at 12 (yearling) and 18months of age. Data were analyzed using the least-squares method, considering the effect of pedigree (OR or PB), sire, year of birth, month of birth and calf sex in the model. There was a significant influence of the pedigree, sex, month of birth and sire on animal's performance until yearling age, whereas the performance traits at 18months were influenced only by the month of birth and sire (P<0.05). Therefore, environmental factors such as year, month of birth and calf sex are important sources of variation on calf performance from birth to18 months and it should be considered when comparing and selecting animals based on these traits.

ABSTRACT Chemical speciation of the soil solution is an important tool to identify Al species related to phytotoxicity. In some Brazilian acid soils, the Al extractable by the KCl 1.0 mol L -1 solution (Al-KCl) exceeds 10 cmol c kg -1 and even then, in some situations, it does not cause toxicity to the plants. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between these high concentrations of Al-KCl found in some Brazilian acid soils and the activity of the different Al chemical species in the soil solution, as well as the response of soybean and corn plants to lime application. Subsurface horizon (B) samples of five soils were collected in four states of Brazil (AC, PE, RS, and SC) from areas that had never been cultivated. The samples were then given increasing rates of limestone, equivalent to that required to neutralize 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.00 times the contents of H+Al and were incubated for 98 days. After that period, the soils were fertilized and planted to soybean and corn in the greenhouse for 60 and 45 days, respectively, in 2015. The experimental units consisted of 8 L pots, filled with 5 kg of soil (dry basis). After each crop, the plants and soil samples were collected to determine the leaf, stem, and root dry matter, and chemical composition. In the soil solution, cations and anions, pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved organic carbon were quantified. The distribution of the Al species was evaluated using the program Minteq. Free Al (Al 3+ ) was the species found in highest proportion in treatments without limestone, in all soils. Application at the lowest limestone rate, equivalent to 25 % of that required for H+Al neutralization, was sufficient to decrease Al activity in the soil solution to levels considered non-toxic to plants in four of the five soils. High levels of Al-KCl are not related to manifestation of toxicity and to Al 3+ activity in the solution of Hapludult (Acre profile 9; AC9) and Hapludult (Rosario do Sul; RS) since dry matter (DM) production in these soils was little influenced by liming, unlike what occurred in the Hapludult (Pernambuco; PE), Humudepts (Bom Retiro; BR), and Kandiudox (Curitibanos; CB) soils, in which Al-KCl contents were related to Al activity in the solution and to DM production of the plants grown in them.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é discutir e analisar os desafios do desenvolvimento da indústria de plantas medicinais e de fitoterápicos no Brasil. Esta indústria representa uma excelente alternativa para responder ao paradoxo da abundância na área de saúde. A metodologia adotada foi uma pesquisa de campo, utilizando-se questionários semiestruturados, com empresas, pesquisadores e gestores públicos para avaliar seu desenvolvimento entre 2009 e 2015 e apontar seus principais problemas. Os resultados observados indicam que os principais desafios são, na pesquisa, a regulamentação da lei de acesso ao patrimônio genético e, na produção, a harmonização da regulamentação em toda a cadeia produtiva da indústria de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos. A morosidade da implantação das políticas públicas voltadas para a indústria mostra um retrocesso tanto das atividades produtivas com fitoterápicos, quanto das atividades de pesquisa com plantas medicinais no período.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss and analyze the development challenges of the medicinal plants and phytotherapics industry in Brazil. This industry represents an excellent alternative to face the paradox of abundance that exists in the health area. The methodology adopted was a field research, using semi-structured questionnaires with companies, researchers and public managers to evaluate their development between 2009 and 2015 and to point out the most serious problems faced. The results observed indicate that the main challenges found were the regulation of law on the access to the genetic patrimony in the research area, and to bring into harmony the rules in the entire chain of medicinal plants and phytotherapics production area. The slow implementation pace of public policies for the industry shows a setback regarding both productive and research activities with medicinal plants and phytotherapics in the period.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é discutir e analisar os desafios do desenvolvimento da indústria de plantas medicinais e de fitoterápicos no Brasil. Esta indústria representa uma excelente alternativa para responder ao paradoxo da abundância na área de saúde. A metodologia adotada foi uma pesquisa de campo, utilizando-se questionários semiestruturados, com empresas, pesquisadores e gestores públicos para avaliar seu desenvolvimento entre 2009 e 2015 e apontar seus principais problemas. Os resultados observados indicam que os principais desafios são, na pesquisa, a regulamentação da lei de acesso ao patrimônio genético e, na produção, a harmonização da regulamentação em toda a cadeia produtiva da indústria de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos. A morosidade da implantação das políticas públicas voltadas para a indústria mostra um retrocesso tanto das atividades produtivas com fitoterápicos, quanto das atividades de pesquisa com plantas medicinais no período.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss and analyze the development challenges of the medicinal plants and phytotherapics industry in Brazil. This industry represents an excellent alternative to face the paradox of abundance that exists in the health area. The methodology adopted was a field research, using semi-structured questionnaires with companies, researchers and public managers to evaluate their development between 2009 and 2015 and to point out the most serious problems faced. The results observed indicate that the main challenges found were the regulation of law on the access to the genetic patrimony in the research area, and to bring into harmony the rules in the entire chain of medicinal plants and phytotherapics production area. The slow implementation pace of public policies for the industry shows a setback regarding both productive and research activities with medicinal plants and phytotherapics in the period.

El síndrome de las uñas amarillas está poco descrito y se caracteriza por uñas distróficas, trastornos pulmonares y linfedema de las extremidades. Se presenta un caso de este síndrome en una mujer brasileña de 89 años de edad con diabetes mellitus bien controlada e hipertensión arterial. Adicionalmente al síndrome típico, la paciente presentó uñas en pinza y cromoniquia amarillo-marrón. La paciente fue admitida debido a síntomas abdominales agudos asociados con diverticulitis del sigmoide y un absceso adyacente. Los estudios de imágenes revelaron cambios pulmonares y pleurales, además de un derrame pericárdico. Incidentalmente, se encontraron anomalías características de vesícula biliar en gorro frigio. Ni la enfermedad diverticular ni los trastornos de la vesícula biliar se han relacionado con el síndrome de las uñas amarillas. En el presente estudio de caso, el sincronismo entre algunas de estas condiciones podría ser casual, pero la enfermedad diverticular, colelitiasis, y hernia hiatal se asocian a esta tríada. MÉD UIS. 2015;28(3):387-91.

The yellow nail syndrome is scarcely described and is characterized by dystrophic nails, pulmonary disturbances and lymphedema of extremities. A case of this syndrome is reported in an 89-year-old Brazilian woman with well-controlled diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. Additionally to the typical syndrome, the patient also presented pincer nails and yellow-brownish chromonychia. She was admitted because of acute abdominal symptoms associated with sigmoid diverticulitis and an adjacent abscess. The imaging studies revealed pulmonary and pleural changes, in addition to pericardial effusion. Incidentally, the features of Phrygian cap gallbladder anomaly were found. Neither diverticular disease nor gallbladder disorders have been related to yellow nail syndrome. In the present case study, the synchronism between some of these conditions could be casual; but diverticular disease, cholelithiasis, and diaphragmatic hernia are associated in the Saint's triad. MÉD UIS. 2015;28(3):387-91.

RESUMO O Al trocável é tradicionalmente quantificado no extrato da solução de KCl 1 mol L-1; entretanto, nem sempre o Al provém unicamente de formas trocáveis desse elemento. Este trabalho objetivou investigar as formas de Al presentes em solos ácidos de várias regiões brasileiras, com distintas mineralogias, buscando elucidar se todo o Al-KCl corresponde às formas trocáveis do elemento. Foram testados os seguintes extratores para Al: Método tradicional (KCl 1 mol L-1), e variações desse método (curvas de titulação potenciométrica, método das extrações sucessivas e tamponado a pH 5), KCl 0,1 mol L-1, CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1, oxalato de amônio 0,2 mol L-1, pirofosfato de sódio 0,1 mol L-1 e CuCl2 0,5 mol L-1. A quantificação do elemento foi feita por titulação e, ou, por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (EAA), quando pertinente. Foram analisadas amostras de dois horizontes (A e B) de perfis de solo de cinco estados brasileiros (AC, PE, BA, RS e SC). Dois perfis de solo de Santa Catarina, com níveis mais baixos de Al-KCl, foram utilizados como referência de solos mais intemperizados, com mineralogia caulinítica. Os resultados demonstraram que, particularmente nos solos ácidos com esmectitas, o KCl 1 mol L-1 extrai outras formas de Al além da trocável, superestimando seus valores, não sendo, portanto, um extrator indicado para a maioria dos solos analisados neste estudo. No entanto, a utilização dessa solução, porém mais diluída (KCl 0,1 mol L-1), teve menor efeito na dissolução desses compostos, podendo indicar de forma mais realista os teores de Al trocáveis do solo. As demais variações desse método (tampão pH 5, método potenciométrico e extrações sucessivas) não se evidenciaram adequadas para determinar esse elemento por extraírem quantidades similares ou até mais altas, quando comparadas com o método tradicional. Os altos teores de Al quantificados nos extratos de oxalato de amônio, cloreto de cobre e pirofosfato de sódio indicaram a participação expressiva de formas inorgânicas amorfas e de baixa cristalinidade, que contribuíram para a superestimação dos teores de Al nos solos estudados.

ABSTRACT Exchangeable Al is normally quantified in the extract of 1.0 mol L-1KCl, but Al does not always come solely from exchangeable forms of the element. The objective of this study was to quantify Al forms existing in acid soils in order to elucidate if all Al-KCl comes from exchangeable forms. Soils samples with different mineralogical compositions were collected from many regions of Brazil. The following Al extractants were evaluated: the traditional method (1.0 mol L-1 KCl) and some variations of it (potentiometric titration curves, method of successive extractions, and 1.0 mol L-1 KCl buffered at pH 5.0), 0.1 mol L-1 KCl, 0.01 mol L-1CaCl2, 0.2 mol L-1 ammonium oxalate, 0.1 mol L-1 sodium pyrophosphate, and 0.5 mol L-1CuCl2. Aluminum was quantified by titration, or by atomic absorption spectroscopy when pertinent. Samples from A and B horizons were used that were collected from five Brazilian states: Acre, Bahia, Pernambuco, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. Two additional soil profiles with lower contents of Al and essentially kaolinitic mineralogy were used as a reference of more weathered soils. Results showed that especially in acid soils with smectite, 1.0 mol L-1 KCl extracts other forms of Al in addition to the exchangeable form, which makes this solution inappropriate for estimating exchangeable Al for most soils studied. However, use of this solution in a more dilute form (0.1 mol L-1 KCl) had a smaller effect on the dissolution of these compounds and is a more reliable indicator of exchangeable Al levels. The other variations of this method (buffer pH 5, and potentiometric and successive extraction methods) were not suitable for determining this element because they extracted similar or even higher amounts when compared to the traditional method. The high contents of Al quantified by ammonium oxalate, copper chloride, and sodium pyrophosphate extractants showed the expressive participation of amorphous inorganic forms and low crystallinity, which contributed to overestimating the levels of Al in the soils studied.